The Acceptance of Electronic Incense for Religious Purposes

The burning of incense is a key ritual in many religions. In addition to its fragrant smell, it is believed to cleanse negative energy and create a sacred space for meditation. However, traditional incenses can release toxic substances into the air such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbonyls, aliphatic aldehydes, and benzene. These chemicals are linked to various health impacts, including childhood brain tumors, asthma, dermatitis, and hypertension. Therefore, it is important to develop new, safer incense products.

Conventional Buddhist incenses are made from aromatic biotic material that emits fragranced smoke when burned. The emitted incense smoke contains a variety of potential carcinogens, such as volatile organic compounds and particulates. Moreover, the incense smoke can trigger respiratory irritation and even cause allergic reactions in some people. As a result, the widespread use of incense has been criticized for its detrimental effects on public health.

In contrast, electronic incenses are battery-powered devices that produce a fragranced vapor without the need to burn biotic material. Such a device is safe to use and eliminates harmful substances from the air, making it an appealing alternative for those seeking to practice their religion in a healthier environment. However, a lack of previous research on the acceptance of electronic incenses for religious purposes hinders future implementation.

This study aims to identify the factors that influence individuals’ acceptance of the use of electronic incense for their religious practices. By leveraging previous research on religiosity, health-promotion intentions, and self-efficacy, we propose an experimental model to understand the determinants of individual acceptance. Additionally, we discuss managerial implications to guide the development of future incense products.

Incense sticks are a vital ritual in Japanese Buddhism, where they are used to promote mental clarity, calm the mind, and appreciate evocative scents. The main ingredient is the aromatic agarwood, which is sourced from agarwood trees in certain parts of southeast Asia such as Vietnam and Laos. The highest-grade wood is called kyara, and it can be worth more than its weight in gold. Sandalwood is also a main component in Japanese incense, with trees being harvested from India, Indonesia, southern China, and other regions of Asia.